W9B. Конспектный абзац, глаголы введения, академический стиль, рецензирование коллег (peer review)
1. Краткое содержание
1.1 Reporting verbs в академическом письме
В академическом тексте reporting verbs вводят и связывают чужие идеи, находки или аргументы с вашей линией рассуждения. Они маркируют вашу позицию — согласие, несогласие или нейтральность. Разнообразие reporting verbs делает текст точнее. Ниже — типичные грамматические шаблоны.
1.1.1 Паттерн 1: Verb + that + Subject + Verb
Один из самых частых способов передачи информации: Writer + Reporting Verb + that + Subject + Verb. Подходит для находки, тезиса или утверждения из источника как полной клаузы.
- Глаголы для этого паттерна: Acknowledge, Agree, Appear, Argue, Assert, Believe, Claim, Conclude, Demonstrate, Determine, Discover, Doubt, Estimate, Explain, Find, Imply, Indicate, Insist, Maintain, Note, Observe, Predict, Prove, Recommend, Report, Reveal, Show, State, Suggest, Write.
- Пример: Researchers [33], [34], [35] have demonstrated that the food additive is harmful to children.
1.1.2 Паттерн 2: Verb + somebody/something + for + noun/gerund
Часто для похвалы или критики адресата за конкретное: Writer + Reporting Verb + somebody/something + for + noun/gerund.
- Глаголы: Account, Applaud, Blame, Condemn, Criticize, Emphasize, Praise, Recognize, Stress.
- Пример: Marx [1] actually praised the United States for its freedom, which was alien to Europe in the 1800s.
1.1.3 Паттерн 3: Verb + somebody/something + as + noun/gerund/adjective
Описание или классификация по версии источника: Writer + Reporting Verb + somebody/something + as + noun/gerund/adjective.
- Глаголы: Appraise, Assess, Characterize, Class, Classify, Define, Depict, Describe, Dismiss, Evaluate, Identify, Interpret, Perceive, Portray, Present, Refer, Regard, View.
- Пример: Although Friedman and Garibaldi [2] present their data as conclusive, they failed to account for all the inconsistencies among the test subjects.
1.2 Типичные проблемы академического стиля
По словам когнитивного психолога Стивена Пинкера (Steven Pinker), академические тексты часто критикуют за плотность и запутанность. Он перечисляет несколько причин.
1.2.1 Возможные причины слабого академического письма
- Объяснение «снаружи» академии: циничный взгляд — сложный стиль маскирует пустоту; Пинкер считает, что обычно это не так.
- Объяснение «изнутри»: предмет сложный и абстрактный, значит текст неизбежно тяжёлый; Пинкер полагает, что это тоже неполная правда.
- Authority blaming: журналы якобы требуют намеренной запутанности; Пинкер отвергает это как несостоятельное.
- Industry background: правдоподобнее профессиональная оборона — сложный стиль как способ не выглядеть менее «жёстким» коллегам.
- Epistemological barrier: Пинкер выделяет curse of knowledge — когнитивное искажение: эксперт не может представить незнание читателя и невольно опускает контекст.
1.3 Необходимость ясного письма
Несмотря на трудности, clarity остаётся базовой ценностью: ясность — не «косметика», а часть миссии науки.
1.3.1 Зачем нужна ясность
- Лучший процесс написания: ясная мысль ведёт к ясному тексту; сам акт ясного изложения упорядочивает мысли.
- Лучшая передача смысла: цель — донести сложные идеи.
- Читаемость: читатель не тратит силы впустую.
- Уважение к читателю: ясный текст экономит время и внимание аудитории.
Как пишет Стивен Пинкер: “Our indifference to how we share the fruits of our intellectual labors is a betrayal of our calling to enhance the spread of knowledge. In writing badly, we are wasting each other’s time, sowing confusion and error, and turning our profession into a laughingstock.”
1.4 Роль peer review
Peer review — ключевой этап академического цикла: вы делитесь черновиком (например, summary paragraph или статьёй) с коллегами или одногруппниками; они дают обратную связь по ясности, аргументации, стилю и корректности. Это помогает увидеть пробелы, которые «закрывает» curse of knowledge. Финальный шаг — встроить конструктивные замечания и переписать текст.
2. Напоминание об академическом стиле
2.1 Разговорный английский в академическом тексте
| Описание ошибки | Пример ошибки | Исправление |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Сокращения (contractions) | This solution isn’t the most effective one. | This solution is not the most effective one. |
2. Конструкции there is/are |
There are three ways to solve this problem. | This problem has three solutions. |
3. Слово like |
The probability of generating the next decoder step can be formulated like this: | The probability of generating the next decoder step can be formulated as follows: |
| Food is destroyed by rodents like rats, mice, and hamsters. | Food is destroyed by rodents, such as rats, mice, and hamsters. | |
4. and so on вместо etc. |
React Native provides complete access to the device hardware, such as the camera, file system, Bluetooth, and so on. | React Native provides complete access to the device hardware, such as the camera, file system, Bluetooth, etc. |
5. Местоимение you |
We will consider two products about which you can find enough information on the Internet. | This section will consider two products about which the Internet provides enough information. |
| You should be aware of the drawbacks of the system. | The designer / user / programmer / player should be aware of the drawbacks of the system. | |
6. Слово huge |
As a result, I get a huge amount of unneeded connections that I could not filter out. | As a result, I get an enormous amount of unneeded connections that I could not filter out. |
2.2 Ошибки с субъектом предложения
| Описание ошибки | Пример ошибки | Исправление |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Указательные без существительного | This seems to be a mistake. | This tactics seems to be a mistake. |
2. there is/are |
There are three ways to solve this problem. | This problem has three solutions. |
| 3. Герундий в роли субъекта | Eating uncooked horse meat can cause health problems with students. | If students eat uncooked horse meat, they can have health problems. |
| 4. Слабая nominalization + BE | Optimization of the workforce is a key goal of the company. | The company aims to optimize its workforce. |
| 5. Субъект далеко от глагола | Lecturers in the electronics department of the university where interviews took place took a similar view to those in biology. | In both departments, the lecturers took a similar view. |
| 6. Слишком длинный субъект | Searches for the ready-made datasets that could fit to the mathematical formulation of the problem were unsuccessful. | Researchers failed to find the ready-made datasets that could fit the mathematical formulation of the problem. |
| 7. Пустой субъект (expletive) | It is possible to retrieve data from different sources. | Data can be retrieved from different sources. |
| 8. Вставка между субъектом и глаголом | This solution, though reasonable under certain unfortunate circumstances, should generally be avoided. | This solution should be generally avoided. However, the proposed solution can be reasonable under certain circumstances… |
| 9. Скобочная вставка между субъектом и глаголом | However, traditional numerical methods, due to a number of simplifications and assumptions, introduce an error… | However, traditional numerical methods introduce an error… due to a number of simplifications and assumptions. |
2.3 Избыточность и многословие
| Описание ошибки | Пример ошибки | Исправление |
|---|---|---|
1. Слово process |
The process of data generation is explained with the following plan: | Data generation is explained with the following plan: |
| 2. Слабый пассив | Food is destroyed by rodents. | Rodents destroy food. |
3. for + noun/gerund для цели |
In this section, I explain the software tools… used for model development. | In this section, I explain the software tools… used to develop models. |
4. utilize вместо use |
OR-Tools model utilize only the CPU. | OR-Tools model use only the CPU. |
5. in order to |
In order to protect the system, a developer must provide a different solution. | To protect the system, a developer must provide a different solution. |
6. a number of |
This problem has a number of solutions. | This problem has several solutions. |
7. and so on вместо etc. |
React Native provides complete access to the device hardware, such as the camera, file system, Bluetooth, and so on. | React Native provides complete access to the device hardware, such as the camera, file system, Bluetooth, etc. |
8. Лишний of |
Users of the plugin rated plugin predictions from 1 to 10. | The plugin users rated plugin predictions from one to ten. |
| 9. Очень длинные предложения | To reach these goals, I decided to analyze the solutions available on the market to highlight the functionality that I want to see in my product, that functionality that can be adapted to my product, and functionality that looks ineffective and it is worth coming up with another solution. | To reach these goals, I decided to analyze the solutions available on the market. I primarily focused on highlighting the functionality that I want to see in my product… |
| 10. Тавтология | Big data is the study of systems in which the examined data are big. | Big data is the study of massive and complex datasets. |
2.4 Ошибки с местоимениями
| Описание ошибки | Пример ошибки | Исправление |
|---|---|---|
1. we у одного автора |
We will consider two products… | This section will consider two products… |
2. you |
…about which you can find enough information on the Internet. | …about which the Internet provides enough information. |
| You should be aware of the drawbacks… | The designer / user / programmer should be aware… | |
3. I для мнений |
I believe this solution is the most cost-effective one. | This solution is the most cost-effective one. |
| In my opinion, this solution is the most cost-effective one. |
2.5 Неверный выбор лексики
| Описание ошибки | Пример ошибки | Исправление |
|---|---|---|
1. necessary вместо required |
The necessary data are difficult to obtain. | The required data are difficult to obtain. |
2. huge |
I get a huge amount of unneeded connections… | I get an enormous amount of unneeded connections… |
3. very |
React is a very lightweight library. | React is an extremely lightweight library. |
4. like |
…can be formulated like this: | …can be formulated as follows: |
| Food is destroyed by rodents like rats… | Food is destroyed by rodents, such as rats… | |
5. bad |
The device performance is bad. | The device performance is substandard. |
6. good |
This design is good. | This design is effective. |
2.6 Ошибки в связках
| Описание ошибки | Пример ошибки | Исправление |
|---|---|---|
1. Also в начале |
Also, React Native provides complete access… | Moreover (Furthermore, Additionally), React Native provides complete access… |
2.7 Ошибки в списках
| Описание ошибки | Пример ошибки | Исправление |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Длинные inline-списки | Potential consumers… are as follows: developers of gas turbine engines, serial plants for the production of gas turbine engines, large air hubs… | Potential consumers… are as follows: - developers of gas turbine engines; - serial plants for the production of gas turbine engines… |
| 2. Незавершённое вводное предложение | Potential consumers of the research results are: - developers… |
Potential consumers… are the following: - developers… |
| 3. Маркеры вместо параграфов | This technique uses three main features: - The first feature is… - The second feature is… |
This technique uses three main features. The first feature is … The second feature is … The third feature is … |
| 4. Непараллельные списки | This report is an overview of the processes involved, problems that we encountered, and how they were solved. | This report is an overview of the processes involved, the problems encountered, and the solutions implemented. |
| 5. Пунктуация в списке | …system: 1) implementation…, 2) presence…, 3) tuning… |
…system: 1) implementation…; 2) presence…; 3) tuning… |
2.8 Числа и цифры
| Описание ошибки | Пример ошибки | Исправление |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Предложение с цифры | 4 of them work in a company for more than a year. | Four of them work in a company for more than a year. |
| 2. Цифры для чисел ниже 11 | This approach has 3 techniques. | This approach has three techniques. |
| 3. Слова и единицы | The object was moving at three km/h. | The object was moving at 3 km/h. |
| The weight of ten kg turned out to be excessive. | The weight of 10 kg turned out to be excessive. | |
| 4. Слова для больших чисел | The research team sampled seven hundred people… | The research team sampled 700 people… |
| 5. Неточные факты | The student has collected about 100 examples. | The student has collected approximately 100 examples. |
2.9 Прочие ошибки
| Описание ошибки | Пример ошибки | Исправление |
|---|---|---|
1. data как единственное число |
This data was non-convincing. | These data were non-convincing. |
| 2. Апостроф у неодушевлённых | …under the button’s icon… | …under the button icon… |
| 3. Вопрос вместо утверждения | How can we address this problem? | Several ways exist to address this problem. |
| 4. Гендерный bias | If a student goes to the store, he should be prepared to get milk. | If a student goes to the store, he/she should be prepared… |
| If a student goes to the store, they should be prepared… | ||
| If students go to the store, they should be prepared… |